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Name: Maru Janak J

Roll No: 26

Paper No: (5) The Romantic Literature

Topic: Wordsworth as a nature poet

M.A: Sem-2

Year: 2015-16

Email: marujanak17@gmail.com

Submitted To: Smt.S.B Gardi Department of English M.K.B.U.-Bhavnagar University

v  Introduction

                           Wordsworth was born April 7, 1770 at Cocker mouth, A town on the edge of the Cumberland highlands.

Both father and mother died in his boyhood; his mother first, his father when he was fourteen. He was a major English romantic poet.

 Wordsworth was, first and foremost, a philosophical thinker; a man whose intention and purpose of life it was to think out for himself, faithfully and seriously, the questions concerning ‘man and nature and human life.’ He was began his career as a poet at quit an early age when he was yet a student at hawkshed grammer school. Wordsworth was the high priest of nature. In his treatment of natural objects, humble life and comman objects of the ordinary world, we find a touch of wonder and curiosity.

                           Wordsworth published in 1807 two volumes of poem which represent the fine flower of his genius. In every poetic form that he used, with the possible exception of the narrative, Wordsworth is seen here at the height of his power. His remarkable lyrics included in these two volumes are; the solitary reader, the Greek linnet, I wandered lonely as a cloud.

Wordsworth- the first great poet of nature:

                              Wordsworth is the high priest of nature and the poetry of nature finds it’s most sublime and sustaining expression in his work. He was rightly considered the greatest poet of the country side and of the life of nature in its physical as well as spiritual aspects. Wordsworth’s delight in nature was not confined like the pre-romantic poets to mere external manifestation of the varied charms of nature, but he went a step higher they to represent nature as a mystical force capable to enlightening and ennobling the human soul and mind. In nature Wordsworth “was concerned for less with the sensuous manifestation that delight most of our nature poets, than with the spiritual that he finds underlying these manifestations”. His great contribution to the poetry of nature does not lie in the fact that he could give accurate and closely observed pictures of nature rich and minute in detail but in the fact that he elevated nature to height of spiritual glory and made it a better teacher.

v      Three stages in Wordsworth’s treatment of nature: 

                               The predominantly spiritual tone of Wordsworth’s appreciation of nature was note a continued process from the day of childhood to the days of maturity and philosophical insight into the heart of things. In the prelude or growth of a poet’s mind we have a complete picture of the evolution of the various stages of his appreciation of nature beginning with the physical plane and ending with the mystical and spiritualistic interpretation of nature. Poet’s attitude towards nature may be classified under three heads.

v      First stage – the period of the blood:

                                                    Wordsworth’s youth and formative years of life were spent in the midst of nature’s beautiful surroundings. In the first stage his love for nature was without any mystical and spiritual touch. In his youth he was attracted by the physical beauty of nature, and he haunted the hills and the vales for the sake of angling, snaring birds, hunting and enjoying the lovely spectacles of nature’s varied life. He cared at this stage for‘the coarser pleasures of my boyish days, and their glad animal movements all gone by.”In the first period he loved nature with a passion which was all physical, without having any tinge of intellectual or philosophical association.

v     Second stage - The period of the senses:

                     It was the age of sweet sensations. He was thrilled and enchanted by the sights and sounds of Nature. Referring to the boyish delights of this period when he viewed nature with a physical passion.

v     Third stage - The period of the imagination and the soul:

                    Wordsworth begins to find in the objects of nature a soul and a living spirit, and in the later period of his life, his physical and sensuous appreciation of nature takes the form of a spiritual and mystical apprehension of the inner spirit of nature. He now starts looking into the objects of nature:

           ‘  A spirit that impels

          All thinking things, all objects of all thought

          And rolls through all things’.

                                                   

                     The poet now feels the presence of God colouring all the objects of -Nature, investing them with a celestial light- ‘a light that never was on sea or land.’ He finds Him in the shining of the stars, and he marks Him in the flowering of the fields. This immanence of God in Nature gives him mystic visions. He finds nature as the physical expression of divine being. Wordsworth endows each and every object of nature with life. He forestalls the modern biological researches that there is a soul and living principle in all the forms and shapes of nature’s myriad objects. The poet says:

‘To every natural form, rock, fruit or flower,Even the loose stones that cover the high way I gave a moral life: I saw them feel.’

v     William Wordsworth as a poet of Nature:

                   

                                 As a poet of nature, Wordsworth stands supreme. He is a worshipper of Nature, Nature’s devotee or high-priest. His love of Nature was probably truer, and more tender, than that of any other English poet, before or since. Nature comes to occupy in his poem a separate or independent status and is not treated in a casual or passing manner as by poets before him. Wordsworth had a full-fledged philosophy, a new and original view of Nature.

There are three points in his creed of Nature:

                            

                                

He conceived of Nature as a living personality. He believed that there is a divine spirit pervading all the objects of Nature may be termed as mystical Pantheism and is fully expressed in Tintern Abbey and in several passages in Book II of The Prelude.

                   Wordsworth believed that the company of Nature gives joy of the human heart and he looked upon Nature as exercising a healing influence on sorrow-stricken hearts.

                      Above all, Wordsworth emphasized the moral influence of Nature. He spiritualised Nature and regarded her as a great moral teacher, as the best mother, guardian and nurse of man, and as an elevating influence. He believed that between man and Nature there is mutual consciousness, spiritual communion or ‘mystic intercourse’. He initiates his readers into the secret of the soul’s communion with Nature.

                               Wordsworth believed that we can learn more of man and of moral evil and good from Nature than from all the philosophies. In his eyes,“Nature is a teacher whose wisdom we can learn, and without which any human life is vain and incomplete”. He believed in the education of man by Nature.

.

v     Development of His Love for Nature:

                                 Wordsworth childhood had been spent in Nature’s lap. Nature was “both law and impulse”. And in earth and heaven, in glade and bower, Wordsworth was conscious of a spirit which kindled and restrained. In a variety of exciting ways, which he did not understand, Nature intruded upon his escapades and pastimes, even when he was indoors, speaking “memorable things”.

                                                                                     

                                    In Tintern Abbey, Wordsworth traces the development of his love for Nature. In his boyhood Nature was simply a playground for him. At the second stage he began to love and seek Nature but he was attracted purely by its sensuous or aesthetic appeal. Finally his love for Nature acquired a spiritual and intellectual character, and he realized Nature’s role as a teacher and educator.

                   In the Immortality ode he tells us that as a boy his love for Nature was a thoughtless passion but that when he grew up, the objects of Nature took a sober colouring from his eyes and gave rise to profound thoughts in his mind because he had witnessed the sufferings of humanity.

v     Joy in Nature:

Wordsworth finds joy in Nature. The feeling of pessimism does not oppress the heart of the poet when he is in the presence of the beautiful and joyful aspects of nature. The personal dealing with nature in all her moods ‘produces a joy, a plenteousness of delight and all readers of Wordsworth ‘s nature poems feel that sense of exultation and joy which the poet himself had experienced in his life.’ In the words of W.H. Hudson, ‘Wordsworth finds a never failing principle of joy.’ The hare runs races in her mirth, the flowers enjoy the air they breathe and the waves dance beside the daffodils:

The Moon doth with delight

Look round her when the heavens are bare.

Waters on a starry night

Are beautiful and fair.

 Conclusion:

Wordsworth’s attitude to Nature can be clearly differentiated from that of the other great poets of Nature. He did not prefer the wild and stormy aspects of Nature like Byron, or the shifting and changeful aspects of Nature and the scenery of the sea and sky like Shelley, or the purely sensuous in Nature like Keats. It was his special characteristic to concern himself, not with the strange and remote aspects of the earth, and sky, but Nature ‘red in tooth and claw’ as Tennyson did. Wordsworth stressed upon the moral influence of Nature and the need of man’s spiritual discourse with her.

Thus, we can say that Wordsworth was the high priest of Nature.

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Name: Maru Janak J

Roll No: 26

Paper No: (8) The Cultural Studies

Topic: Five Types of Cultural Studies

M.A: Sem-2

Year: 2015-16

Email: marujanak17@gmail.com

Submitted To: Smt.S.B Gardi Department of English M.K.B.U.-Bhavnagar University

v       Five types of Culture Studies:

                 Culture: first when study this topic culture then arising many questions like that: What is Culture? How the Culture Main role of social & literature in study? Is this study believing of only philosophy of Culture or not only social culture study including them? So let’s we start in culture study importance and what main purpose of culture studies.

Culture is derived from Latin the word ‘Culture and ‘Colere’ and to honor and protect. Culture is a system of knowledge. Some critics are defined the culture like:

“Culture is a march towards perfection”                        - Mathew Arnold

“Culture is everything you don’t have to do’’                - Brain Eno

“Culture study is the study of lively culture’’                 - Raymond Williams

                Culture: “The deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving''         -  Samovar & Porter

The Origin of Cultural Study: Started on 1964 – Richard Hoggart.

               It derives from the CCCS (Center for Contemporary Cultural Study) at the Univ. of Birmingham established in 1964.he founding fathers are:  Richard Hoggart, Raymond Williams, E.P. Thompson, Stuart Hall. They concern with the changing of English cultural life.

                      I think everyday life is studied in cultural studies, cultural studies composed of element of Features.

 Cultural Studies: Main Concerns:

           Subjectivity and power relations (Race, gender, class relations) in culture (cultural hegemony).  the circuit of culture

  What is the Subject of Cultural Studies?

 •Subject area not clearly defined; all-inclusive notion of culture and study of a range of practices.Principles, theories and methods are eclectic. Distinct history of cultural studies.Principles, theories and methods from social sciences disciplines, the humanities and the arts adapted to the purposes of cultural analysis

•Methodologies diverse: textual analysis, ethnography, psychoanalysis, survey research, etc.

So than I can Put some images very good relation on studies in culture and method

                                    

 

There are four goals of culture studies as a kind of :

          When define the culture studies there are many controversies work are include them and there is most of idea is related to some power or political relationship between social and capitalism.

(1) British Cultural Materialism:

Cultural materialism began in earnest in the 1950s with the work of F. R. Leavis, heavily influenced by Matthew Arnold’sanalyses of bourgeois culture.

“There are no masses; there are only ways of seeing (other) people as masses.” – Raymond Williams

 Williams talks about attribute of (1) working class (2) Elite class

                 It as a four types of academic literary criticism using in culture perspective as a like:

(1) Aestheticism

(2) Antihistoricism

(3) Formalism

(4) Apoliticis

 Feminism was also important for British cultural Materialism .

Cultural materialists also turned to : Insights: Humanistic : Spiritual

          

 (2) New Historicism:

               New Historicism is developed 1980 by Stephan Greenblatt

Basic idea: History with literary text

“Text is historical and history is textual’’ – Michael Warner                  

                     History deals with background and text deals with its foreground so, background and foreground both should be taken into consideration History is a series of an event .According to about History explain to Past sense and Idea about like:

History is always historicized – Fredrick

Always historicize and history is that hurt – Fredrick Jamson

                As a return to historical scholarship, new Historicism concerns itself with extra literary matters– letters, diaries, films, paintings, medical treatises– looking to reveal opposing historical tensions in a text.

New historicists seek “surprising coincidences” that may cross generic, historical, and cultural lines in borrowings of metaphor, ceremony, or popular culture.

The new historicism rejects the prioritization of history in favor of order­ing history only through the interplay of forms of power.

What does new historicism do?

(1) First they juxtaposed the post with present

(2) They deal with the history

(3) It also deconstruction the text

(4) Derrida’s concept of deconstruction also comes in that.

New Historicism process as:

Example:

(1) Rabbit woman: a female gives birth to rabbit. (It is satire on scientist and female)

(2) Merchant of Venice: it shows Shakespeare anti-Semitic.

(3) Laputa – Floating island   -   The Whore

Here I put image about that idea New Historism is Historisze of history like:

(3) American Multiculturalism:

                         Turn back the few chapters of American political history and we witness bloodshed and atrocities in the name of racism. In this type culture include in four type of writer and many sub culture activity or interesting about history of American writer. Such a kind of:

(1)       African American writer:

                                            African American Writing often displays a folkloric conception of a humankind; a “double consciousness,” as W.E.B. Dubois called it, arising from bicultural identity; irony, parody, tragedy and bitter comedy in negotiating this ambivalence; attacks upon presumed white cultural superiority; a naturalistic focus on survival’ and inventive reframing of language itself, as in language games liken “jiing”, “sounding”, “signifying”, and “rapping”.

                                                                    Langston Hughes was a prominent member of the Harlem Renaissance a movement during the 1920s of black writers and intellectuals who engaged in intense debate regarding the place of the African American in American life, and on the role and identity of the African-American artist. 

                                  

(2) Latina/o Writers:

Spanish-speaking people in the United States. The majority of Mexican residents stayed in place, transformed into Mexican Americans with a stroke of the pen. One of the primary tropes in Latina/o studies has to do with the entire concept of borders-borders between nations, between cultures and within cultures.

  “Code-switching” is a border phenomenon studied by linguists. Speakers who code-switch move back and forth between Spanish and English, for instance, or resort to the “Spanglish” of border towns.

  Liminality or “betweeness” is characteristic of postmodern experience but also has special connotations for Latina.

(3) American Indian Literatures:

Two types of Indian literature have evolved as fields of study.

(1) Traditional Indian literature includes tales, songs, and oratory.

(2) Mainstream Indian literature refers to works written by Indians in English in the traditional genres of fiction, poetry and autobiography.

Momaday’sHouse Made of Dawn (1968), which won the Pulitzer Prize, and his memoir, the way to Rainy Mountain (1969), is beginning a renaissance of Indian fiction and poetry.

In this type literature another important that :

AIM- American Indian Movement

ASAL- Association for the study of American India literature

(4) Asian American Writers:

Ø Asian American literature can be said to have begun around the turn of the 20th century, primarily with autobiographical “paper son” stories and “confessions.”Edward Said has written of orientalism, or the tendency to objectify and exoticize Asians, and their work has sought to respond to such stereotyping.

Ø Paper son stories were carefully fabricated for Chinese immigrant men to make the authorities believe that their New World sponsors were really their fathers.

Ø Asian American autobiography inherited these descriptive strategies, as Maxine Hong Kingston’s The Woman Warriors: Memoirs of Girlhood among Ghosts (1976) illustrates.

Ø Identity may be individually known within but is not always at home in the outward community. Most influenced work like:

(4) Popular culture:

          It is also known as POP culture. Of Culture studies also includes mass or popular cultural and everyday life.

Ø The department popular culture at Bowling Green Uni. Launched the journal of popular culture.

Ø Popular culture is the culture of masses.

There are four type of popular culture:

(1) Production Analysis: It asks quotations like:

a)     Who own the media?

b)    Who create text and why?

c)     How democratic of elitist is production of popular culture?

d)    What about works written only for money?

  Example like: Television programmer

(2) Textual analysis: It examines how specific works of popular culture created meanings.

(3) Audience analysis: it asks different group of popular culture consumers or users, make similar of different sense of some texts.

(4) Historical analysis:  It investigates how these other three dimensions over times.

(1) Postmodernism & postcolonial studies

Ø Postmodernism: Postmodernism questions everything rationalist European philosophy held to be true. Beginning in the mid-1980s, postmodernism emerged in art, architecture, music, film, literature, sociology, communications, fashion and other field. Postmodernism borrows from modernism disillusionment with the givens of society; a penchant for irony; the self-conscious “play” within the work of art; fragmentation and ambiguity; and a restructured, decentered, dehumanized subject.

                Started by Ahab Hassan and Lesile Fielder. Earlier this term was known as the culture aesthetics approach.

Post modernism is an anti – art after World War II and they both have stared and coined this term. ‘Postmodernism’ is a term usually applied to the period in literature, which was first used in the 1960s. it is a reaction against realism & modernism. It reject the claim of any universal or totalizing theory , and reject ‘high’ & ‘low’  class- mass. In literature it collapses the distinction between genres and conventions. The thriller formats became of the serious novel. Comic element and absurdity mark the author’s attitude to tragic, events like death ,suffering. Postmodernism argues that it is all contingent and that most cultural constructions have served the function of empowering members of a dominant social group at the expense of “others.”

v      Practitioners- modernism:

a) Walter Benjamin

b) Susan Sintag

c) Loui’s Borges

d) Virginia wolf

e) Martin Heidegger

f) BertoltBrtech

g) Ezrapound

h) Jams joyee

v      Postmodernism Aspect by Jean Baudrillard some point out that:

Ø Any sign is empty

Ø Virtual world

Ø Status and taboos

Ø Hyperrealism between the private or public.

It also affected in

-Building -Cinema

-         Literature                   -   music

-         Painting                     -   Architecture

-         Photography

v      Postcolonial Studies:

Ø Post colonialism refers to a historical phase undergone by the Third World countries after the decline of colonialism.

Ø “others” constructs them based upon Western anxieties and preoccupations. Said sharply critiques the Western images of the Oriental as “irrational, depraved (fallen), child-like, ‘different,’” which has allowed the West to define itself as “rational, virtuous, mature, ‘normal.’”

Ø Post modern intellectual discourse.

Ø The association between nations and area they occupied and once ruled.

Many Third World writers focus on both colonialism and the changes created in a postcolonial culture.Frantz Fanon drew upon his own horrific experiences in French Algeria to deconstruct emerging national regimes.

Ø Homi K. Bhabha’s  postcolonial theory involves analysis of nationality, ethnicity, and politics with poststructuralist ideas of identity and indeterminacy, defining postcolonial identities as shifting, hybrid construction.

Ø Among postcolonial feminism is Gayatri  Chakravorty Spivak, who examines the effects of political independence upon “subaltern” or subproletarian women in the Third World.

Ø Reveal how female subjects are silenced by the dialogue between the male-dominated West and East, offering little hope for the subaltern woman’s voice to rise up amidst the global social institutions that oppress her.

                

v     conclusion

           In their last conclude that five type culture is very longer theory or many sub divisor or theorist become to his research  and include to culture as a subjectivity own work.

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Name: Maru Janak J

Roll no: 22

Paper: (7) Literary Theory & Criticism

Topic: T.S. Eliot Tradition and Individual Talent

Email: marujank17@gmail.com

Submitted to: Department of English M.K.B.U Bhavnagar University

  

v T.S. Eliot Tradition and Individual Talent

·                  INTRODUCTION:

               T.s Eliot was most towering and dominating man of letters of the 20th century. He was a versatile genius who during his long span of productive activity achieved distinction as a poet, play wright, journalist and critic. Eliot stands in long line of poet crities beginning with Johnson and including such names as Dryden, Johnson, Coleridge and Mathew Arnold such critics know the mysteries of their own art and so can speack with force and conviction. Eliot’s critical pronouncements first published largely in the form of articles and essays in numberous peridicals and journals of the day.

·                Tradition and Individual Talent:

      Critical commentary manifesto of Eliot’s critical creed.

            The essay “tradition and individual talent” was first published in 1919 in the times literary supplement, as a critical article. The essay may be regarded as an unofficial manifesto of Eliot’s critical creed, for it contains all those critical principles from which his criticism has been derived ever since. The seed which have been sown here come to fruition in his subsequent essays. It is a declaration of Eliot’s critical creed and these principles are the basis of all his subsequent criticism.

v    The Essay is Divided into Three Parts:

     The historical sense involves a perception not only of the pastness of the part, but also of its presence. One who has the historic sense feels that the whole of the literature of Europe from roman down to his own day, including the literature of his own century, forms one continuous literary tradition.

         He realizes the past exists in present, and the past and present form one simultaneous order. This historical sense is the sense of timeless and the temporal, as well as of the timeless and the temporal together. It is this historic sense which makes a writer traditional. A writer with the sense of tradition is fully conscious of his own generation, of his place in the present, but he is also acutely conscious of his relationship with the writer of the past.

v   Its function:

 The work of a poet in the present is to be compared and contrasted with works of the past, and judged by the standards of the past. But this judgment does not mean determining good or bad it does not mean deciding whether the present work is better or worse than works of the past an author in the present is certainly only to be judged by the principles and standard of the past the comparison is to be made for knowing the facts, all the facts, about the new work of art. The comparison is made for the purposes of analysis, and for forming a better understanding of the new.

         The past helps us to understand the present, and he throws light on the past. It is this way along that we can form an idea of what is really individual and new. It is by comparison along that we can sift the traditional from individual elements in a given work of art.

v   T.S. Eliot’s theory of depersonalization:

        In the second part of the essay Eliot develops future his theory of the impersonality of poetry. He compares this mind of the poet to a catalyst and the process of a chemical reaction, must as chemical reactions take place in the presence of a catalyst along, so also the poet’s mind is the catalytic agent for combining different emotions into something new suppose there is a jar containing oxygen and Sulphur dioxide. These two gases combine to form sulphuric acid when a fine filament of platinum is introduced into the jar. The Combination takes place only in the presence of the place of platinum, but the metal itself does not undergo any change, it remains inserting, natural and un affected. The mind of the poet is like the catalytic agent. It is necessary for combinations of emotions and experiences to take place, but itself does not undergo any change during the process of poetic combination.

          In the case of a young and immature poet, his mind , his personal emotions and experiences, may find some expression in his composition, but ,says Eliot”, the more perfect the artist, the more completely separate in him will be the man suffer and the mind which creates”.

          T.s. Eliot here distinguisher between emotions and feeling, but he does not state what this difference is.

              

v    POETRY AS ORGANIZATION:

         Eliot next compares the poet’s mind to a jar or receptacle in which are stored numberless feeling, emotions etc. Which remain there is an organized and chaotic form till

            “All the articles which can unite to form a new compound are present together”.

Thus poetry is organization rather than inspiration impression and experience which are important in for the man way fined no place in his poetry and those which become important in the poetry may have no significance for the man.

          Eliot’s rejects Wordsworth theory of poetry. Having its origin “Emotions recollected in tranquility”. And points out that in the process of poetic composition there is neither emotion, nor recollection for tranquility. In the poetic process there is only concentration of a number of experiences, and anew thing results from concentration. And this process of concentration is neither conscious nor deliberate: it is a passive one.

          The difference between a good and a bad poet is that a bad is conscious and unconscious where he should be conscious. It is this consciousness of the wrong kind which makes a poem personal, whereas mature art must be impersonal, but Eliot does not tell us when a poet should be conscious, and when not. The point has been left vague and interminate.

v  conclusion:   

                                                            

“Poetry is not a turning loose of emotion, but as escape from emotion: it is not the expression of personality, but an escape from personality”.

                                              Thus, Eliot does not deny personality or emotion to the poet only, the must depersonalize his emotions. There should be extinction of his personality this impersonality can be achieved only when the poet surrenders himself completely to the work that is to be done and the poet can know what is to be done, only if he acquires a sense of tradition, the historic sense, which makes him conscious, not only of the present, but also of the present movement of the past, not only of what is dead, but of what is already living.

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Name: Maru Janak J

Roll No: 26

Paper No: (6) 

Topic: Comparison between Browning and Tennyson

M.A: Sem-2

Year: 2015-16

Email: marujanak17@gmail.com

Submitted To: Department of English M.K.B.U. Bhavnagar University

v  Introduction:

                     There are number of age in the history of England from Chaucer to Current time, such as Elizabethan age, Puritan age, Victorian age, etc. If we talk about the Victorian time so we can say that it covers the period from 1832 to 1887. Queen Victoria reign during the time of 1837 to 1887. Hudson writes, “Victoria ascended the throne in 1837, and it was during the decade between 1830 and 1840 that many of the writers who were to add special distinction to her reign began their work. But though her own life extended till 1901, we may conveniently take the year of her jubilee 1887 as marking the close of an epoch. By that time a fresh race in literature had arisen, while those of the former generation who still survived had nothing of importance to add to their production, and indeed, like Tennyson’s Bedivere, found themselves ‘among new men, strange faces, other minds.” It was an era of material things, Political consciousness, democratic reform, industrial and mechanical progress, scientific, etc. The form is more important than materials. In this age we can find advancement in industry. In this era number of novels published like Oliver Twist, Sense and Sensibility, Middlemarch, Vivian Grey, Poetry also popular in that era. There are some splendid poets such as Tennyson, Robert Browning, Matthew Arnold, etc. So first let’s know in detail about Tennyson and Browning.

v      Tennyson:

                             Alfred Tennyson was born on 6th August, 1809, at Somersby Rectory. He was fourth child of his parents, there being four brothers and four sisters. His father name is George Clayton who was a scholarly clergyman. His two brothers were poets of repute. His education started when he was seven years old, he was sent to the neighboring Grammar School at Louth. But after four years he returned at home because of unsatisfactory. We can see his first effort in a little volume called Poems by Two Brothers in 1827 when he was sixteen years old. The next year he entered in Trinity College, Cambridge. In that college he becomes the centre of a brilliant circle of friends. At the University he soon became known for his poetical ability. In 1829 he won the Chancellor’s English medal with his poem Timbuctoo. In 1831 he left Cambridge without taking his degree. His father had just died but the family still lived on at Somersby. The name of his first volume is poem. He wrote In Memoriam for his died friend Hallam. His other volumes are English Idylls and other Poems, Ulysses, MorteD’Arthur, The Princess, The Lady of Shallot, The Lotos Eaters etc.

v   Browning:

                     Robert Browning born on 7th may, 1812 at Cornwall. He was the son of a clerk in the bank of England. His mother was a ‘divine woman’ of mixed German and Scottish and Scottish descent. From whom he inherited his musical and artistic tastes. He did not attend any regular school but mostly continued his education at home. He picked up the rudiments of painting and Greek poetry. He had many skills like ride, fence, box and dance. He entered Guy’s Hospital for his medical Profession. But this was not appropriate for him so he left it soon. And finally he decided that his long cherished idea of becoming a poet. He wrote small volume of verse at the age of twelve but failing to find a publisher. In disgust he threw it in fire.

                But after some time he published his first work Pauline, he went to Russia in 1834. In Russia he met French, who formed the subject of his next poem, Paracelsus. Then his parents moved from Camberwell to Hatcham and so he made many new friends, including John Foster, whom afterwards assisted to complete his Life of Strafford. He also visited Italy in1838 and the spell of Venice. Then he returns from Italy he read the poems of Elizabeth Barret with interest. And friendship with her then it converts in love. So they decided to marry but father of Elizabeth refuse to permit them. That why they decided to marry without the permission of parents. On 12th September 1846 they married and lived in Italy for many years with happiness. They get a son in 1849 with joy and during that time Browning’s mother died so poet returned to England. In England he published much of his poetry but few people appreciated his works. In 1860 health of Mrs. Browning began to fail, died in the following years. Browning returned to London with his son and his only sisters came to live with him in his distress. Browning took deep interest in the education of his son. Tennyson once remarked ‘Browning will die in the white tie.’ Then his son had married and settled there as an artist. Once Browning went to pay a visit to his son in November. Then he passed away and he was buried in the poet’s corner in Westminster Abbey. His earliest work in poetry is Pauline, Paracelsus, Sordello, Dramatic Lyrics, etc.

v   Comparison of Tennyson and Robert Browning

        

               

v  Comparison of Tennyson and Browning in his   writing

        

             So here we can see points related with Tennyson. Let’s know some points related with Browning.

So let’s know the poems related with these themes in details.

v    Poems of Tennyson

                                  He suggests all the qualities of England’s greatest poets. The dreaminess of Spenser, the majesty of Milton, the natural simplicity of Wordsworth, the fantasy of Black and Coleridge, the melody of Keats and Shelley, the narrative vigour of Scott and Byron, are evident on the successive pages of Tennyson’s poetry. In his poetry we can see the reflection of Victorian age like, The English Idylls

          It is the land that free men till,

          That sober-suited freedom chose,

          The land where girt with friends and foes.

          A man may speak the thing he will,

          A land of settled government,

          A land of just and old renown.

His attitude with woman is also a true Victorian. And that thing also we can see in his poem as under,

          Man for the field and woman for the hearth,

          Man for the sword and for the needle she,

          Man to command and woman to obey,

          All else confusion.

He is wrote love poem also. He idealizes married life. It is well exemplified in The Miller’s Daughter. He presents higher sense of love in this poem. He concentrates on spiritual as opposed to physical love.

          Arise and fly

          The reeling faun, the sensual feast,

          Move upward, working out the beast,

          And let the ape and tiger die.

He challenged the materialism of Victorian age and asserted the eternal variety of God,

          There remains more faith in honest doubt

          Believe me than in half the creeds.

He advise the people of his age to faith beyond all forms of faith, to trust in large hope as under,

          One far-off divine event

          To which the whole creation moves.

His other poem regarding the suprime God,

          God is law, say the wise: O soul, and let us rejoice

          For if He thunder by law the thunder is yet his voice.

In every objects of Nature he sees the vision of God like in the sun, moon, stars, etc. Here we can see lines of his poem,

          The sun, the moon, the stars, the hills and the plains

          Are not those a Soul! The vision of Him who reigns.

Tennyson arrives at the truth of religion because the theories of science in Maud and Locksley Hall and he declares in his poem In Memoriam,

          Oh yet we trust that somehow good

          Will be the final goal of ill.

And he conclude his entire creation with lines as under,

          That nothing walks with aimless feet

          That not one life shall be destroyed.

                     Thus we can see variety of themes in his poems. His views regarding many things we can see in his poems like love, God, life, etc. He presents all the essential features of Victorian life in his poems. So after understanding his poems all above us understand easily about him. So now let’s know poems of Robert Browning.

v  Poems of Robert Browning

He wrote poems without form. He is also difficult poet to understand. Browning began his poetic career under the inspiring example of P.B. Shelley, the sun-trader. His first work in poetry is Pauline. It was published when he was twenty years old. It is autobiographical in tone like Wordsworth’s The Prelude. He was artist and thinker, is veiled in embryo. His next important work in poetry was Paracelsus. It is the study of Paracelsus. A famous chemist of the Renaissance times, half mystic, half charlatan…

          Determined to be

          The greatest and most glorious man on earth.

In 1840 he produced Sordello representing the life of Italian poet. The poem is rich in illusion and historical references. Then in 1842 he produced Dramatic Lyrics followed by dramatic Romances and Lyrics.  In these lyrics we can see more artistic pleasure. Among these lyrics some significant are Evelyn Hope, In a Gondola, Porphyria’s Lover, Meeting a night, parting at morning, etc.

                       In dramatic Romances and Lyrics the majority of the poems are narrative or monologues. Like My last Duchess, The Italian in England, The last ride together, Holy Cross Day, etc.

             He wrote one poem about man and woman.      It dedicated to Elizabeth Barret.

          These they are my fifty men and women

          Naming we the fifty poems finished!

          Take them, Love, the book and me together

          Where the heart lies let the brain lie also.

                      The study of human character in this volume is deep and profound. In Dramatic Personae, he carried his study of human beings. He produced a number of dramatic monologues such as Caliban upon Setebos, Bishop Blougram’s Apology, AbtVogler, Rabbi Ben Ezra and A Death in the Desert. These all are intellectual and philosophical in character.

          He also wrote love poems. His love poetry is intensely realistic in character. A man loves a woman not for her spiritual qualities, but for her physical charm and passion. And that is the real thing in his poetry. His love poems also devided into two parts, successful love poems and unsuccessful love poems. The lover in Last Ride Together is optimistic and the poem ends on a note of hope:

          What if we still ride on, we two

          With life for old yet new,

          Changed not in kind but in degree,

          The instant made eternity,

          And Heaven just prove that I and she

          Ride, ride, together, for every ride?

          Browning lays emphasis on married love and like Donne he is the chosen poet of wedded love. He employs the dramatic method I the presentation of his love poems. Most of his love poems are in the form of dramatic monologues. His art as a pet of love suffers limitations to that extent, but the underlying inspiration is the greater. He took God as the creator and governor of the universe. He considered God as an all pervading Deity. Pauline’s lover says “I saw God everywhere- I felt presence.” His personal faith about God,

          Thus He dwells in all

                     From Life’s minute beginnings, at last to    man. And

          God is seen God

               In the star, in the stone, in the flesh, in the soul and the cloud.

          He nit convinces God as cruel, bad, etc. He believe God as sympathetic power helping men in their endavoursiff they reposed faith in Him and.

                    Thus we can see number of themes in his poetry which we can understand easily after these all examples. So about these examples we conclude that he was unique personality.

v     Conclusion

So let’s we separated his quality here and conclude this point as under, Tennyson Browning -Think about God and science. 

- Think about God as great one-Wrote love poems

- Wrote both type successful   

Love and unsuccessful love

Thus we can say both the writers are performed so important role in the history of England, especially in Literature. Both have their own quality which we can see in their literary works.

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